In law, a quotation or introductory signal is a series of phrases or words used to clarify the authority (or meaning) of a legal quotation in relation to a proposition. It is used in quotes about current authorities and indicates how those authorities relate to statements. Legal writers use citation signals to tell readers how citations support (or reject) their statements by organizing citations in a hierarchy of importance so that the reader can quickly determine the relative weight of a citation. Citation signals help the reader recognize the importance or usefulness of a reference when the reference itself does not provide sufficient information. The cited authority contradicts the above-mentioned thesis by analogy; It is recommended to explain the relevance of the source in parentheses. For example: But cf. 995 F.2d, pp. 1137 (stating that “[i]n the common tort action that arises when a government driver carelessly drives another car, a jury trial is precisely what a plaintiff loses when the government replaces the employee”). This suggests that the cited authority constitutes additional material that supports the thesis less directly than what is indicated by “see” or “agreement”. “See also” can be used to introduce a case that supports the stated thesis and is different from the cases cited above. It is sometimes used to refer readers to authorities supporting a proposal when other supporting authorities have already been cited or discussed. An explanation of the relevance of the source in parentheses after a quote introduced by “see also” is recommended.
For example, “. The omission of the same intellectual element in a firearms possession law similar to RCW 9.41.040 strongly suggests that the omission was intentional and that strict liability was intended. See generally State v. Alvarez, 74 Wash. App. 250, 260, 872 P.2d 1123 (1994) (the omission of the phrase “conduct” in the criminal counterpart of the civil law against harassment meant: “The legislature has deliberately chosen to criminalize a single act and not conduct.”) aff`d, 128 Wash.2d 1, 904 P.2d 754 (1995); see also State v. Roberts, 117 Wash.2d 576, 586, 817 P.2d 855 (1991) (use of particular legal language in one case and another language shows different legislative intentions) (citing cases). Source: Staat v. Anderson, 141 Wash.2d 357, 5 pp.3d 1247, 1253 (2000). Parts of the text, footnotes, and authority groups in the article are cited at the top or bottom. Supra refers to the material that is already included in the part, and at the bottom to the material that appears later in the part.
“Note” and “part” mean footnotes and parts (if the parts were specially designed) in the same room; “p.” and “pp.” are used to refer to other pages of the same article. [5] These abbreviations should be used sparingly to avoid repeating a long footnote or referring to a neighbouring footnote. When writing a legal argument, it is important to refer to primary sources. To make it easier for readers to find these sources, it is desirable to use a standardized citation format. See generally Harvard Law Review Association, The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (18th edition 2005). Note, however, that some courts may require that all legal documents submitted to them conform to a different citation format. In footnotes, signals can function as verbs in sentences; In this way, material that would otherwise be in parentheses can be integrated into an explanation. In this usage, signs must not be italicized. See Christina L.
Anderson, Comment, Double Jeopardy: The Modern Dilemma for Juvenile Justice, 152 U. Pa. 1181, 1204-07 (2004) (discusses four main types of restorative justice programs) see: Christina L. Anderson, Commentary, Double Jeopardy: The Modern Dilemma for Juvenile Justice, 152 et al. 1181, 1204-07 (2004), for a discussion of restorative justice as a reasonable substitute for retaliatory sanctions. “Cf.” becomes “compare” and “e.g.” becomes “for example” when signals are used as verbs. This signal, abbreviation of the Latin exempli gratia, means “for example”. It indicates to the reader that the quote supports the assertion; While other authorities also support the proposal, their citations may not be useful or necessary. This signal can be used in combination with other signals preceded by an italics. For example, the after comma is not italicized when added to another signal at the end (whether favorable or not), but italicized when it appears alone. [ref.
needed] Examples: Parties challenging state abortion laws have vigorously challenged in some courts the assertion that one of the purposes of these laws, when enacted, was to protect prenatal life. See, for example, Abele v. Markle, 342 F. Supp. 800 (D. Conn.1972), appeal, Nos. 72-56. Unfortunately, hiring undocumented workers is a widespread practice in the industry. For example, Transamerica Ins. Co. v. Bellefonte Ins.
Co., 548 F. Supp. 1329, 1331 (E.D. Pa. 1982). The term “agreement” is used when two or more sources state or support the proposal, but the text cites (or refers) to only one; The other sources are then introduced by “Agreement”. Legal writers often use concordance to indicate that the law of one jurisdiction coincides with that of another. Examples: “[T]he nervousness alone does not justify prolonged detention and questioning on matters unrelated to the arrest.” United States v.
Chavez-Valenzuela, 268 F.3d 719,725 (9th cir. 2001); United States v. Beck, 140 F.3d 1129, 1139 (8th Cir. 1998); United States v. Holz, 106 F.3d 942, 248 (10th Cir. 1997); United States v. Tapia, 912 F.2d 1367, 1370 (11th Cir. 1990). “. The term “Fifth Amendment” is generally considered synonymous with the privilege of self-incrimination in the context of our time. Quinn v. United States, 349 U.S.
155, 163, 75 pp. C. 668, 99 L. Ed. 964 (1955); agreement In re Johnny V., 85 Cal. App.3d 120, 149 Cal.Rptr. 180, 184, 188 (Cal. Ct.
App. 1978) (stating that the statement “I will take the fifth” was an affirmation of Fifth Amendment privilege). Quote signals have different meanings in different citation style systems in the United States. The two best-known citation manuals are The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation[1] and the ALWD Citation Manual. [2] Some state-specific style manuals also provide guidance on legal citation. The Bluebook citation system is the most comprehensive and widely used system of courts, law firms, and law journals. [ref. necessary] Parentheses explain, if necessary, the relevance of an authority to the sentence in the text. Information in parentheses is recommended if the relevance of a cited authority would otherwise not be clear to the reader. Explanatory information takes the form of a present participle, a quoted sentence, or a short statement appropriate to the context. Unlike other signals, it immediately follows the full quote. Usually short (say a sentence), it quickly explains how the quote supports or disagrees with the proposal.
For example: Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (voted Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)). From the Latin confer (“to compare”), this indicates that a quoted sentence differs from the main proposition, but is sufficiently analogous to be substantiated. An explanatory note in parentheses is recommended to clarify the relevance of the quotation. For example, it is precisely this kind of conjecture and haircut that the Supreme Court wanted to avoid when designing the brightness rule in Miranda.
See Davis, 512 U.S., p. 461 (noting that when the suspect seeks advice, the advantage of the brightness rule is “clarity and ease of application” that “can be applied by officials in the real world without unduly impeding intelligence gathering” by forcing them to “make difficult judgments” with a “threat of repression, if you are mistaken”). Place a parenthesis in front of an explanatory parenthesis as part of a quotation: Fed. R. Civ., p. 30(1) (emphasis added) (also stating that “[a] party may order a depositor not to respond. if necessary to preserve a privilege”). Shorter parenthestic sentences may be used when a full participle sentence is not required in the context of the quote: The Florida Supreme Court recently stated: “If the seller of a home knows facts that materially affect the value of the property that are not readily observable and are not known to the buyer, The seller is obliged to communicate them to the buyer.
Johnson v. Davis, 480 So. 2D 625, 629 (fla. 1985) (defective roof in a three-year-old house). If a source directly quotes or supports an argument (no signal or “see” before a quote), no parentheses are required. The first letter of a signal must be capitalized when it begins a quotation sentence. If it is contained in a quotation clause or phrase, it should not be capitalized. “But” should be omitted from “but see” and “but cf.” if the signal follows another negative signal: Contra Blake v. Kiline, 612 F.2d 718, 723-24 (3d cir.
1979); See CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT, LAW OF FEDERAL COURTS 48 (4th edition 1983). “See Mass. Vol. von Ret. v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307 (1976) (per curiam); cf. Palmer v. Ticcione, 433 F.Supp.
653 (E.D.N.Y 1977) (maintenance of the compulsory retirement age for kindergarten teachers). But see Gault v. Garrison, 569 F.2d 993 (7th Cir. 1977) (stating that classifying teachers in public schools on the basis of age violates equal protection without demonstrating a justified and rational purpose of the state). See general commentary, O`Neill v. Baine: Application of Middle-Level Scrutiny to Old-Age Classifications, 127 U. Pa. 798 (1979) (argues for a new constitutional approach to age classifications). The authorities of a signal are separated by semicolons.
If an authority is more useful or authoritarian than others cited in a signal, it should precede them.